3D convolutional autoencoder that filters reverberation clutter artifacts from transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) video sequences, improving downstream measurements such as speckle-tracking strain. Built on a 3D U-Net-style encoder-decoder with an input-output skip connection to preserve fine structures and attention-gate modules to focus on cluttered regions, the network was trained on synthetic clutter simulated across six ultrasound vendors and generalized well to real in vivo artifactual sequences, substantially reducing the discrepancy between cluttered and clutter-free strain profiles while running in a fraction of a second per sequence.

Self-supervised model that performs single-frame digital-subtraction-angiography-style vessel/background separation directly from a single live (non-subtracted) coronary angiogram frame, then supports fine-tuned coronary vessel segmentation. A U-Net-style network is pretrained via an image-to-image translation objective on 58,128 unannotated angiography DICOM series (3,756 patients), then fine-tuned for vessel segmentation on just 40 expert-annotated frames, reaching a Dice of 0.828 on the held-out fine-tuning set and a new state-of-the-art Dice of 0.755 on the public XCAD benchmark. Intended to help clinicians visualize potential stenosis sites without requiring true two-frame digital subtraction acquisition.

Generalist reconstruction foundation model for accelerating cardiac MRI (CMR) acquisition, designed to recover diagnostic-quality images from highly undersampled (8x-24x) multi-coil k-space data across heterogeneous scanners, field strengths, and cardiovascular diseases. Combines a CLIP-ViT-based module for semantic/contextual understanding of the anatomy being imaged with a physics-informed data-consistency reconstruction network, trained on MMCMR-427K -- the largest public multimodal CMR k-space database to date. Intended as an upstream substrate that feeds downstream segmentation, phenotyping, and diagnosis models (e.g. automated cardiac-phenotype extraction via nnU-Net) rather than replacing them. Released by the CMRxRecon-challenge consortium; code and the underlying database are public for academic, non-commercial use, but no separately downloadable pretrained checkpoint is provided.

Multimodal large language model for ECG medical-report generation and cardiology conversational question-answering. An ECG-CoCa encoder (contrastive ECG-report pretraining in the style of OpenCLIP) is paired with a LLaVA-style vision-language architecture and an LLM backbone, fine-tuned on a purpose-built 45k-example ECG-instruction dataset (19k diagnosis examples + 25k multi-turn dialogue examples) built from five public 12-lead ECG datasets. Produces free-text diagnostic reports and supports zero-shot ECG-report retrieval classification.

Systematic study of domain specialization for large language models in electrocardiography, comparing supervised fine-tuning (QLoRA) against retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) as two paths to inject ECG/cardiology knowledge into open-weight Llama 3.1 models (8B and 70B). Question-answer and multiple-choice pairs were generated from ECG/cardiology literature and used both for fine-tuning and for a multi-layered evaluation (multiple-choice accuracy, text-similarity metrics, LLM-as-a-judge, and blinded human-cardiologist review). The fine-tuned Llama 3.1 70B ranked first overall, exceeding the RAG variants and Claude Sonnet 3.7 on in-distribution multiple-choice and text-similarity metrics, though RAG and Claude generalized better to semantically complex, out-of-distribution questions. Developed by AI4Health at the University of Oldenburg with Charite Berlin; the finetuning/RAG/evaluation code is public, but per the paper's data-availability statement neither the training corpus nor the fine-tuned weights are released (German copyright law, section 60d UrhG).

First multimodal LLM to unify ECG time series, 12-lead ECG images, and text for grounded, clinician-aligned ECG interpretation. A dual-encoder framework (ECG-CoCa time-series encoder plus a LLaVA-style vision-language backbone) extracts complementary time-series and image features with cross-modal alignment, trained on knowledge-guided instruction data (ECG-Grounding, linking diagnoses to measurable waveform parameters such as QRS/PR intervals) plus the 1.15-million-conversation ECG-Instruct corpus. Introduces the "Grounded ECG Understanding" benchmark and improves predictive performance, explainability, and grounding over prior ECG-language models such as ECG-Chat and PULSE.

Multi-agent LLM framework, deployed as a Software-as-a-Medical-Device on AWS, that assists cardiologists reading 24-hour Holter/patch ECG monitoring studies. Three fine-tuned LLM agents divide the diagnostic workflow the way a cardiologist would: a table-to-text agent (Llama-3.1-8B) extracts findings from tabular arrhythmia metrics, an image-to-text agent (LLaVA-v1.5-13B) extracts findings from ECG tracing images, and a findings-to-interpretation agent (Llama-3.1-8B) synthesizes both against clinical guidelines with a fact-checking step. Each agent is instruction-tuned on cardiologist-adjudicated reports from 2,000+ real-world patients and further steered at inference with in-context demonstrations matched to the patient's age, sex and arrhythmia class. In blinded cardiologist ratings across eight clinical/security metrics (1-5 scale), ZODIAC outperformed GPT-4o, Gemini-Pro, Llama-3.1-405B, Mixtral-8x22B, and medical-specialist LLMs (BioGPT, Meditron, Med42) on every metric while using under 30B total parameters, and has been integrated into commercial ECG monitoring devices. This is a proprietary product; no public code or model weights have been released.

Reconstructs digital 12-lead ECG waveforms from scanned or photographed paper printouts, using an nnU-Net image segmentation model to trace the signal pixels followed by a Hough-transform-based reconstruction pipeline. This is a digitization tool rather than a diagnostic model - it recovers a usable signal from a paper record rather than producing a diagnosis. Won the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2024; developed by a team at the University of Oxford.

GPT-style decoder-only Transformer pretrained via next-token prediction on tokenized single-lead ECG time series, producing an interpretable general-purpose model that can be fine-tuned for tasks like arrhythmia screening and beat detection. Individual attention heads are shown to respond to physiologically meaningful features such as the P-wave, and token embeddings cluster by position in the cardiac cycle. A companion PPG-pretrained model (PPG-PT) is released in the same repository. Developed at Imperial College London.

GPT-style decoder-only Transformer pretrained via next-token prediction on tokenized PPG time series, the companion model to ECG-PT (HeartGPT) in the same repository. Individual attention heads respond to physiologically meaningful waveform features such as the dicrotic notch, and the model can be fine-tuned for wearable-based cardiac screening tasks. Developed at Imperial College London.

Generative adversarial network that synthesizes realistic 10-second, 12-lead normal-sinus-rhythm ECGs from scratch, without using any real patient data at inference time, enabling privacy-preserving data sharing and augmentation. Uses a U-Net-style 1D deconvolutional generator with a WaveGAN-inspired discriminator. Outperformed a WaveGAN* baseline on the fraction of generated tracings classified as normal sinus rhythm by a commercial ECG interpretation algorithm. Developed by SimulaMet and Oslo Metropolitan University.

Diffusion-based generative model that synthesizes 12-lead ECGs conditioned on any of 71 PTB-XL diagnostic labels, combining a denoising diffusion process with a structured state-space (S4) sequence backbone. Outperformed GAN-based baselines (WaveGAN*, Pulse2Pulse) on both classifier-based fidelity metrics and a clinical Turing test. Developed at the University of Oldenburg.